From town to town, there are also many regional distinctions. Puerto Rico on Isojen Antillien itäisin saari Karibianmerell ä. Yhdessä läheisten pikkusaarten kanssa, joista asutettuja ovat vain Vieques ja Culebra, se muodostaa Yhdysvaltoihin kuuluvan itsehallintoalueen (Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico). The main drivers of Puerto Rico's economy are manufacturing (primarily pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, and electronics) followed by the service industry (namely tourism and hospitality). [h][i][j][k], In 1520, King Charles I of Spain issued a royal decree collectively emancipating the remaining Taíno population. Wheat, chickpeas (garbanzos), capers, olives, olive oil, black pepper, onions, garlic, cilantrillo (cilantro), oregano, basil, sugarcane, citrus fruit, eggplant, ham, lard, chicken, beef, pork, and cheese all came to Puerto Rico from Spain. [272] The debt had been increasing during a decade-long recession. [231], Puerto Ricans "were collectively made U.S. citizens" in 1917 as a result of the Jones-Shafroth Act. Since 2007, the Puerto Rico State Department has developed a protocol to issue certificates of Puerto Rican citizenship to Puerto Ricans. Les troupes porto-ricaines dirigées par le brigadier général Ramon de Castro assistent Bernardo de Galvez dans sa victoire contre la marine l'armée britannique et indienne de 2500 hommes de Pensacola. [5] It was contested by other European powers, but remained a Spanish possession for the next four centuries. Le 22 novembre 1595, le corsaire britannique Francis Drake dirigeant 27 navires et 2500 marins se dirige dans la baie de San Juan avec l'intention de piller la ville. Puerto Rico gehéiert zu den US-Commonwealth Territories.Et huet de politesche Status vun engem Self Governing Incorporated Territory.Et ass en Inselstaat an der Karibik, dee mat den USA associéiert ass.. D'Land besteet aus der Insel Puerto Rico (Insel) an de klengen Nieweninselen Vieques, Culebra, Culebrita, Desecheo, Palomino, Mona, Caja de Muertos a Monito. [86][87] The Hays Commission declared it a massacre and police mob action,[86] and it has since become known as the Ponce massacre. The report also indicates that 45.5% of individuals are below the poverty level. Desserts include flan, arroz con dulce (sweet rice pudding), piraguas, brazo gitanos, tembleque, polvorones, and dulce de leche. This is due to the frequent hurricanes that Puerto Rico experiences, which destroy crops of maize, leaving more safeguarded plants like conucos (hills of yuca grown together). The municipal government sponsors regular health fairs in different areas of the city focusing on health care for the elderly and the disabled. The official languages[182] of the executive branch of government of Puerto Rico[183] are Spanish and English, with Spanish being the primary language. In the November 1948 election, Muñoz Marín became the first popularly elected governor of Puerto Rico, replacing U.S.-appointed Piñero on January 2, 1949. Both the Naval Forces Caribbean (NFC) and the Fleet Air Caribbean (FAIR) were formerly based at the Roosevelt Roads Naval Station. The first, the Puerto Ricans for Puerto Rico Party (PPR in Spanish) was registered that same year. Les succès des invasions varient et toutes se terminent par un échec de l'envahisseur à prendre le contrôle permanent de l'île. The party claims that it seeks to address the islands' problems from a status-neutral platform. According to the census, most Puerto Ricans identified as White and Hispanic; few identified as Black or some other race. [176] Most recent immigrants settle in and around San Juan. Puerto Ricans have a long history of service in the U.S. Armed Forces and, since 1917, they have been included in the U.S. compulsory draft whensoever it has been in effect. C'est le début d'une croissance économique reposant sur l'agriculture (sucre, tabac et café sont les principaux produits). The name was changed back to Puerto Rico in 1931 by a joint resolution in Congress introduced by Félix Córdova Dávila. Some books that talk about folklore/myths in Puerto Rico are Stories from Puerto Rico written by Robert L. Muckley and Adela Martínez-Santiago and Cuentos: An Anthology of Short Stories from Puerto Rico written by Kal Wagenheim. Le XIXe siècle est l'occasion de nombreux changements politiques et sociaux à Porto Rico. Strict remodeling codes were implemented to prevent new constructions from affecting the common colonial Spanish architectural themes of the old city. [136], In the busy 2017 Atlantic hurricane season, Puerto Rico avoided a direct hit by the Category 5 Hurricane Irma on September 6, 2017, as it passed about 60 mi (97 km) north of Puerto Rico, but high winds caused a loss of electrical power to some one million residents. They were twice reversed during the restoration of the traditional monarchy by Ferdinand VII. There are also three stations of the U.S. Armed Forces Radio and Television Service. Around $250 million investment is needed to make sure cruise ships can continue to dock there in the years to come. 2 ("The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States ..."). José Rodríguez, indépendantiste retraité. Governor Rossello rejected this plan as unjustified and unnecessary. Su Puerto Rico [ˈpweɾto ˈriko] o Portu Rico, uffitzialmente Istadu Lìberu Assotziadu de Puerto Rico (in inglesu Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, est unu territòriu de is … Puerto Rico est un jeu de société créé par Andreas Seyfarth et illustré par Franz Vohwinkel, et édité d'abord par Alea en allemand puis par Tilsit Éditions en version française, puis Filosofia après la cessation d'activité de Tilsit. En 1607, Porto Rico sert de port d'approvisionnement pour les navires anglais Godspeed, Susan Constant et Discovery qui sont en route pour établir la colonie de Jamestown, premier établissement anglais dans le nouveau monde. As those who leave tend to be better educated than those who remain, this accentuates the drain on Puerto Rico's economy. [349] The second largest port is the Port of the Americas in Ponce, currently under expansion to increase cargo capacity to 1.5 million twenty-foot containers (TEUs) per year.[350]. [300][301] These measures have always received support from all the major local political parties. Today, Puerto Ricans are also known as Boricuas, or people from Borinquen. This step would mean 360,000 fewer visitors, with a loss to the island's economy of 44 million. Other studies show Amerindian ancestry in addition to the Taíno. After 2007, other parties emerged on the island. Starting soon after World War II, poverty, cheap airfares, and promotion by the island government caused waves of Puerto Ricans to move to the United States mainland, particularly to the northeastern states and nearby Florida. [344] Consequently, practitioners of this style have earned participation in international teams, including Orlando "El Gato" Meléndez, who became the first Puerto Rican born athlete to play for the Harlem Globetrotters. [110] 61.16% voted for statehood, 33.34% for a sovereign free associated state, and 5.49% for independence. The Insular Police, similar to the National Guard, opened fire upon unarmed cadets and bystanders alike. "[275], Initially, the oversight board created under PROMESA called for Puerto Rico's governor Ricardo Rosselló to deliver a fiscal turnaround plan by January 28. Other private universities include the multi-campus Inter American University, the Pontifical Catholic University, Universidad Politécnica de Puerto Rico, and the Universidad del Sagrado Corazón. Située dans le nord-est de la mer des Caraïbes, Porto Rico est un élément clef de l'empire colonial espagnol depuis les premières années de l'exploration, la conquête jusqu'à la colonisation du Nouveau Monde. En 2003, la gouverneure Sila Calderón dans son discours du 25 juillet, a proposé de créer une assemblée constituante afin de résoudre le problème du statut politique de l'île pour 2004 ; un fort mouvement en faveur de la création d'une république associée émergeant à cette époque. En 1634, Philippe IV d'Espagne fortifie le fort San Cristobal avec 6 fortersses reliées par une ligne de murs entourant la ville. Du fait du déclin de la population Taino, de plus en plus d'esclaves sont amenés sur l'île. Almost one out of every four dollars in the consolidated budget comes from U.S. federal subsidies while government-owned corporations compose more than 31% of the consolidated budget. Free land was offered as an incentive to those who wanted to populate the two islands, on the condition that they swear their loyalty to the Spanish Crown and allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church. Puerto Rico (ent-ofisiel: Kenglad Puerto Rico, saozneg: Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, pe Stad dieub kevredet Puerto Rico, spagnoleg: Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico) zo un enezeg en Antilhez Brasañ, er Mor Karib, er reter d'ar Republik Dominikan, hag ur stad emren hag a zo stag ouzh Stadoù-Unanet Amerika.En hanternoz emañ ar Meurvor Atlantel, er c'hreisteiz ar Mor Karib. Scarce archaeological findings and early Spanish accounts from the colonial era constitute all that is known about them. Meléndez, Edwin; Meléndez, Edgardo; Colonial Dilemma; Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense, Reserve Affairs; "Official Guard and Reserve Manpower Strengths and Statistics – Summary End Fiscal Year 1996;" 1996, Nicolas Kanellos, "Hispanic Firsts", Visible Ink Press (, Giovannetti, Jorge L. "Popular Music and Culture in Puerto Rico: Jamaican and Rap Music as Cross-Cultural Symbols", in, Ortiz, Yvonne. Puerto Rico (Porto-Rico en francés, e Puerto Rico en espanhòl e anglés) es un Estat insular de l'America Centrala liurament associat als Estats Units d'America. Puerto Rico has three international airports, the Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport in Carolina, Mercedita Airport in Ponce, and the Rafael Hernández Airport in Aguadilla, and 27 local airports. Unlike other indigenous cultures in the New World (Aztec, Maya and Inca) which left behind abundant archeological and physical evidence of their societies, scant artifacts and evidence remain of the Puerto Rico's indigenous population. [191] One Pope, John Paul II, visited Puerto Rico in October 1984. This includes retired personnel. Once the budget is approved, the Department of Treasury disburses funds to the Office of Management and Budget which in turn disburses the funds to the respective agencies, while the Puerto Rico Government Development Bank (the government's intergovernmental bank) manages all related banking affairs including those related to the government-owned corporations. Congressman Vito Marcantonio and confirmed by a report from the Hays Commission, which investigated the events, led by Arthur Garfield Hays, counsel to the American Civil Liberties Union. Descripción de la Ciudad e Isla de Puerto Rico was the first successful attempt at writing a comprehensive history of Puerto Rico.[327]. Le 26 septembre 1512, avant son arrivée sur l'île, la première école d'études avancées est établie par l'évêque. 'Free Associated State of Puerto Rico') is a Caribbean island and unincorporated territory of the United States. Cela donne aux Porto-Ricains une citoyenneté conditionnelle. Several television channels provide local content in the island. Rule III, "Puerto Rico Primary Election Report Notice", "2008 Presidential Primary Dates and Candidates Filling Datelines for Ballot Access", "LinktoPR.com – Fundación de los Pueblos", "Opinión del Tribunal emitida por el Juez Asociado señor Martínez Torres", "Special committee on decolonization approves text calling on United States to expedite Puerto Rican self-determination process", "Political Status of Puerto Rico: Background, Options, and Issues in the 109th Congress", "Puerto Ricans pay federal commodity taxes", "Internal Revenue Service. On average, a quarter of its annual rainfall is contributed from tropical cyclones, which are more prevalent during periods of La Niña than El Niño. [308], Reforma de Salud de Puerto Rico (Puerto Rico Health Reform) – locally referred to as La Reforma (The Reform) – is a government-run program which provides medical and health care services to the indigent and impoverished, by means of contracting private health insurance companies, rather than employing government-owned hospitals and emergency centers. Insular Territories were commemorated in 1937, the third stamp honored Puerto Rico featuring 'La Fortaleza', the Spanish Governor's Palace. Le 23 septembre 1868, des centaines d'hommes et de femmes de la ville de Lares frappés par la pauvreté et séparés politiquement de l'Espagne à la suite de la Révolution demandent l'indépendance de Porto Rico. The former U.S. Navy facilities at Roosevelt Roads, Vieques, and Sabana Seca have been deactivated and partially turned over to the local government. The Puerto Rico national basketball team joined the International Basketball Federation in 1957. [citation needed][original research?]. [205][206] The synagogue, called Sha'are Zedeck, hired its first rabbi in 1954. The mass media in Puerto Rico includes local radio stations, television stations and newspapers, the majority of which are conducted in Spanish. The most notable occurred in Jayuya and Utuado. [ab], One of the most cited contributors to the high cost of living in Puerto Rico is the Merchant Marine Act of 1920, also known as the Jones Act, which prevents foreign-flagged ships from carrying cargo between two American ports, a practice known as cabotage. Each municipality has a mayor and a municipal legislature elected for a four-year term. "Literary Arts" Scott's Specialized Catalogue, 2013. Learning from Francis Drake's previous failures here, he circumvented the cannons of the castle of San Felipe del Morro and quickly brought his 17 ships into the San Juan Bay. The district is also characterized by numerous public plazas and churches including San José Church and the Cathedral of San Juan Bautista, which contains the tomb of the Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León. He asserted that the law as such was a violation of the civil rights of the people of Puerto Rico. Both sides suffered heavy losses. L'État de Porto Rico est constitué de l'île de Porto Rico proprement dite, ainsi que de plusieurs îles environnantes plus petites, dont Vieques, Culebra et Isla Mona. [210][211] Eight mosques are located throughout the island, with most Muslims living in Río Piedras and Caguas; most Muslims are of Palestinian and Jordanian descent. Des améliorations se sont fait sentir[5]. If vetoed, the legislature can then either refer it back with amendments for the governor's approval, or approve it without the governor's consent by two-thirds of the bodies of each chamber.[287]. In the aftermath, on April 2, 1943, Tydings introduced another bill in Congress calling for independence for Puerto Rico, though it was again defeated.[78]. [66], Since 1894, the United States Naval War College had been developing contingency plans for a war with Spain. It is located in the northeast Caribbean Sea, approximately 1,000 miles (1,600 km) southeast of Miami, Florida. Puerto Ricans have participated in many of the military conflicts in which the United States has been involved. [11], Originally populated by the indigenous Taíno people, Puerto Rico was colonized by Spain following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1493. Puerto Rican literature evolved from the art of oral story telling to its present-day status. The Commonwealth is an archipelago among the Greater Antilles located between the Dominican Republic and the U.S. Virgin Islands; it includes the eponymous main island and several smaller islands, such as Mona, Culebra, and Vieques. Poverty and political estrangement with Spain led to a small but significant uprising in 1868 known as Grito de Lares. In 1993, Commonwealth status won by a plurality of votes (48.6% versus 46.3% for statehood), while the "none of the above" option, which was the Popular Democratic Party-sponsored choice, won in 1998 with 50.3% of the votes (versus 46.5% for statehood). Manuel Rojas, Mathias Brugman, Mariana Bracetti, Francisco Ramírez Medina et Lola Rodriguez de Tió sont les figures marquantes de ce soulèvement. The upper house and governor were appointed by the United States. Cependant, malgré l'importance de cette révolte, les Espagnols reprennent rapidement le contrôle de l'île. The critical aspects come from the sale of bonds, which comprise 7% of the consolidated budget – a ratio that increased annually due to the government's inability to prepare a balanced budget in addition to being incapable of generating enough income to cover all its expenses. Municipalities are subdivided into barrios, and those into sectors. En 1945, Luis Muñoz Marín gagne les premières élections démocratiques de l'histoire de Porto Rico, et en 1952, il aide Porto Rico à obtenir une autonomie partielle vis-à-vis des États-Unis. [124] Rivers in the northern region of the island are typically longer and of higher water flow rates than those of the south, since the south receives less rain than the central and northern regions. L'île sera un poste militaire majeur lors de nombreuses guerres entre l'Espagne et d'autres puissances européennes pour le contrôle de la région aux XVIe, XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. [62] In 1898, Puerto Rico's first, but short-lived, quasi-autonomous government was organized as an "overseas province" of Spain. Le 27 décembre 1512, sous la pression de l'Église catholique romaine, Ferdinand II d'Aragon promulgue les lois de Burgos qui modifient le système des encomiendas en un système nommé repartimientos avec pour but de mettre fin à l'exploitation des indigènes. Puerto Rico has a rainy season which stretches from April into November. [343], Organized Streetball has gathered some exposition, with teams like "Puerto Rico Street Ball" competing against established organizations including the Capitanes de Arecibo and AND1's Mixtape Tour Team. He then submits this formulation as a budget request to the Puerto Rican legislature before July 1, the date established by law as the beginning of Puerto Rico's fiscal year.